Structure- Your essay should be well-organized. Relevance-All the asked questions must be answered. Examples- Illustrations should be included in the essay to ensure that all points are reinforced. Cohesion- Phrases and linking words should be used appropriately in the discussion essay · How to Write Critical Essay When you get your topic, start reading around it. Start gathering evidence that supports your evaluation of that topic. Write your outline. Now you've done the reading, start outlining your essay, using the structure given here. You can Now, you'll need to write · When it comes to structure, critically discuss article follow the structure of any piece of academic writing with but a few exceptions. The structure of these types of essays can be divided into three. The central claim is the first part of any critically discuss the paper
Critical Essay: How-To, Structure, Examples, Topics
Organizational Structure Critically discuss the extent to which an organisation's structure not only shapes its culture, but also its ability to transform itself As with structure, culture is methodologically analyzable by virtue of its emergent status.
Indeed, like structure, culture has relational, causal properties of its own, which confront actualizing agency in the form of situational logics Archer Chapter 7. Cultural critically discuss essay structure is also critically discuss essay structure multi-level affair, from the doctrinal level, where, for instance, religious doctrine may contradict welfare policy, down to the micro-level, critically discuss essay structure.
Just as any role within an organization can have contradictory requirements, so can cultural values. However, the problem currently vitiating the literature on 'organizational culture' is precisely how one can examine the relative interplay between society's 'prepositional register' and agency when culture is reduced to, or defined solely in terms of, what goes on at the level of causality.
The realist assertion that culture as an emergent product has properties of its own is thrown out of the analytical window; or, following Archer, the S-C level is conflated with the CS level. The parallel with structuration theory is palpable. Indeed, given the generic nod in the direction of structuration theory, it is hardly surprising to find that at best some will only accord culture an 'analytical' status.
It would not be accepted that actors within organizations confront emergent relational causal properties of the CS as stringent obstructions or welcome opportunities, yet for which they are not responsible.
Is it not the case that both the Commission for Racial Equality and the Equal Opportunities Commission were set up in response to the social manipulation of racism and sexism qua CS components which excluded many women and black people from positions for which they were suitably qualified?
According such pernicious ideologies an analytical status is simply not enough, critically discuss essay structure, since they are irreducible to their producers.
If they were not then we could not examine their relative interplay with structure and agency. Given that both racism and sexism have social efficacy they must therefore be accorded an ontological status of their own.
They pre-exist extant actors and would continue to exist if all were unaware of their existence. People enter into organizations and are consequently differentially able to respond. What is of interest to the practical social theorist is how, for instance, men in organizations respond to the situational logic of a constraining contradiction when they uphold sexist ideology in justifying their exclusion of women from certain positions or turning a blind eye to sexual harassment.
Women can and do reflect upon their existence, observing critically discuss essay structure contradictions in the way men and women are treated in organizational practices: They can and do resist those contradictions' Mills Mills correctly argues that gender is a cultural phenomenon.
However, critically discuss essay structure, he does not accord gender ideology the ontological status it deserves. I would certainly not want critically discuss essay structure deny that gender ideology is the revisable product of ideational development, which is located within a material context. Rather, qua product such ideology immediately remains an inhabitant of World Three and stands in a logical relationship to other World Three denizens.
Against Anthony, then, 'cultures' are not 'owned' by members of organizations Anthony Members may indeed internalize specific cultural components or uphold others to further their interests, but they internalize or uphold something which is an irreducible denizen of the CS. Furthermore, given the intransitive nature of the CS, it is untenable to assert, as many currently do, that each and every 'organizational culture' is somehow unique cf.
Martin et al. To Taylor Cox, for instance, 'organizations may be thought of as having their own distinctive cultures' Taylor Cox Organizations Structure Although one can talk of structures in the plural, this is not permissible for culture, since all cultural components belong to the CS.
In fact, my main concern is that to permit talk of discrete or unique cultures is to provide relativists with much-needed ammunition, since the next step has been to disclaim the invariant nature of the law of non-contradiction which is employed to study culture anywhere in the world Bloor The salient point, however, is that it is untenable both to assert uniqueness and to talk of 'organizational culture' itself, critically discuss essay structure.
Asserting the latter is to elide structure and culture. Indeed, pace Newmanculture is something apart from human identity and agency: methodological examination would otherwise be impossible, critically discuss essay structure. The ideational elements of culture CS are intimately anchored in language. Language presupposes the objective reality of objects, processes and events. As Bhaskar argues, critically discuss essay structure, language presupposes referential detachment, which 'establishes at once Referential detachment is implicit in all language-use' Bhaskar By existential intransivity Bhaskar is referring to ontologyspecifically to the independent existence of events, objects, etc.
Cultural emergent properties must logically be about something in critically discuss essay structure to have any sense. In other words, they have to be grounded in the way things are. Indeed, as Trigg nicely puts it, 'Any account of human activity is liable to lapse into incoherence without such notions as reason, truth and reality.
Certainly critically discuss essay structure them all human belief would lose its point' Trigg Furthermore, the current orthodoxy regarding culture does not accord it the relational causal powers to direct agency. Instead, the tendency is to confuse culture with structure or downplay dissensus at the S-C level. Indeed, both Hampden-Turner and Handy confuse culture with structure. Handy proffers a typology of four cultures: powerrole, task and person.
In contradistinction, power is an emergent relational property; roles are critically discuss essay structure of structure, with tasks being an integral aspect; and finally, personhood is the metaphysical anchorage for the agent and actor. All four are irreducible strata of reality cf. Archer I make no apologies for my brief, critical rejoinder to current orthodox views critically discuss essay structure culture, since each is ontologically depthless vis-a-vis culture, structure and agency.
Conflationary theorizing is a methodological, for analytical dualism is possible only on the basis of real objects of study. If ideologies and structures are efficacious then they are real and critically discuss essay structure ontologically distinguishable from their progenitors, critically discuss essay structure.
The ghost of empiricism still haunts critically discuss essay structure of the texts on 'organizational culture'. Contrary to Pheyseysocial structure may not be visible, critically discuss essay structure, but its effects are. One can employ the causal criterion to establish its reality. This is equally applicable to culture.
Culture is quintessentially not something an organization is. Contra Anthony, ideologies are not immune from counter- criticismthough their implications may not be realized for structural reasons. It can only be 'protected' via S-C containment strategies.
And when these fail, structural power is employed often with impunity. The practical implications of analytical dualism My reason for reconceptualising structure is not simply to elucidate how conflationary theorizing effectively is transported to the cultural scene in the literature, but to insist that the two cannot be analyzed in isolation. Focusing on culture alone is to vitiate the enterprise of theorizing change vs. stability in organizations. Any approach which accentuates one or critically discuss essay structure other will prove to be inadequate in the long run.
The practical theorist's task is to examine the relative interplay of culture, structure and agency: each interpenetrates the other, but each critically discuss essay structure nonetheless ontologically and thus methodologically distinguishable from the other. The purpose of this paper critically discuss essay structure been threefold: i to reconceptualise structure and culture as emergent strata; ii to maintain their equal necessity for adequate theorizing; and iii to argue for the necessity of viewing any organization from both critically discuss essay structure social- and a system-integration perspective, i.
As a set of interacting actors and as a configuration of parts or complexes that both differentially enable and constrain actors. Analytical dualism disengages the emergent powers of people from those of the parts of society structural and culturalfor the emergent properties and powers of the parts and the people are sui generis. S-C dynamics are interrelated in determinate ways, but without one determining the other. Obviously analysis of the S-C level will involve reference to material interests, to power, alliances, and so on, but this merely means that the practical theorist's life is not an easy one!
Agents resist -- some more than others -- and the overriding question for the practical analyst is how this results in a lack of change. For example, the issue of equal opportunities for women in organizations remains firmly on the agenda. Women still lag behind their male counterparts in terms of pay and promotion.
Sexism the CS level is often employed to justify exclusionary practices the S-C level. How do culture and structure interpenetrate here? In large part, the key to explication lies in disengaging the emergent powers of people from those of the parts. The job of the practical analyst is to find out whether the emergent structural powers remain unexercised, or exercised but unperceived.
The task,…. Bibliography Archer, M. Anthony, P. Bloor, D. Bhaskar, R. Organization Behavior Strategic Management of Human Resources This paper acquaints the reader with the Human Resource Management at the largest fast food brand in the World -- McDonald's, critically discuss essay structure.
It describes the core HRM practices which are currently in use at the company and discusses them in the light of modern International HR Management practices. The paper also contains recommendations on how McDonald's can improve its HR practices. As they felt that his tactics were designed to reduce their wages and compensation for the benefit of the stockholders.
This would change the way the firm is working with their unions and the current labor agreements that were in place. If Joyce had communicated more and listened to the ideas of employees, he would have been able to receive similar concessions from the arbitration. This would have allowed. Political leaders in charge of this decision will not take into consideration only the effects that a possible bailout might have on the automakers.
They will take into consideration the macroeconomic effects and challenges that are expected to emerge in case the bailout is approved. The symbolic frame probably has the least importance regarding this subject.
In case the bailout will not be approved, the cultural or symbolic aspects related. Organization Behavior The Economic Implication of Ghana's Oil Discovery Ghana's Oil Discovery The Economic Implication of Ghana's Oil Discovery: the Case Study of Takoradi Community This paper presents a research proposal which have been prepared for the future research on the economic implications of oil discovery in Ghana.
It starts with a brief introduction to the whole case scenario by introducing Ghana and its recent oil discovery and proceeds by explaining the research questions. In its Pavilion dmea laptop, Hp has used the critically discuss essay structure technology to make this product the most innovative, fastest, critically discuss essay structure, and the most liked electronic gadget in the market Dixons To stay competitive, HP has to keep on introducing the latest models of its Pavilion laptops so that no other competitor can snatch its market share.
Social factors: Social factors such as education, income levels, preferences, and other cultural factors influence. Organizational Behavior Power and influence are two critical aspects of the ways that people in organizations interrelate, critically discuss essay structure. Power is relatively simple -- it is about how you get what you want.
Influence is trickier -- the text understands it as the reaction to power.
How to Write a Discussion Essay
, time: 10:29How to Write An Essay | Centre for Critical Development Studies
Critically discuss the extent to which an organisation's structure not only shapes its culture, but also its ability to transform itself. As with structure, culture is methodologically analyzable by virtue of its emergent status. Indeed, like structure, culture has relational, causal properties of its own, which confront actualizing agency in the form of situational logics (Archer Chapter 7) Structure- Your essay should be well-organized. Relevance-All the asked questions must be answered. Examples- Illustrations should be included in the essay to ensure that all points are reinforced. Cohesion- Phrases and linking words should be used appropriately in the discussion essay · When it comes to structure, critically discuss article follow the structure of any piece of academic writing with but a few exceptions. The structure of these types of essays can be divided into three. The central claim is the first part of any critically discuss the paper
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