The results show that to reduce O3 within theMCMA, policies must focus on reducing VOCs emissions from non-mobile sources, and air quality improved significantly during the lockdown driven by reduced NO2 and PM emissions despite increases in O3, resulting in health benefits for the MCMA population. Meteorology and long-term trends in air pollutant concentrations may obscure the results from Six different methods of estimating Air quality Index (AQI) based on four pollutants synergistic effect viz., PM10, PM, SO2 and NO2 were used to compare the prevailing ambient air quality in Estimated Reading Time: 5 mins particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are having a significant role in effecting the air quality and thereby causing harm to human health. Hence these parameters were considered to determine the air quality of Vapi. In this paper an attempt was made to study the air quality status of Vapi, using AQI (Air Quality Index)
Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, air quality research paper, nitrogen oxides, and lead.
Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer.
Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to air quality research paper poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight.
In this review article, we air quality research paper to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran. Air pollution is a major problem of recent decades, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment.
The sources of pollution vary from small unit of cigarettes and natural sources such as volcanic activities to large volume of emission from motor engines of automobiles and industrial activities. Air pollution has now emerged in developing countries as a result of air quality research paper activities and also increase the quantity of emission sources such as inappropriate vehicles.
Ahvaz is the most air polluted city in the world with microdust blowing in from neighboring countries, air quality research paper, and particulate levels three times that of Beijing, and nearly 13 times that of London, air quality research paper. The present article is neither a systematic review nor a descriptive, educational study. It is a problem-based descriptive review in which the authors try to explain a problem which is the major health and ecological problem in developing countries like Iran.
In this review, we have tried to summarize the toxicology of air pollutants and related diseases with a possible mechanism of action and appropriate management of the patients. Therefore, it shall be useful for the environmental and health professionals particularly policy makers, emergency physicians, and other clinicians who may be involved in air pollution and related diseases.
In this paper, we also discuss sources of air pollution and proposed some feasible solutions which may be beneficial for the environmental legislators and decision makers.
It is made up of many kinds of pollutants including materials in solid, liquid, and gas phases. The Pollutant Standard Index PSI is a numerical value and indicator of pollutants that is normally used to facilitate risk assessment. It is a numeric value between zero to According to Johnson et al. It provides a number from healthy standard level of zero to a very hazardous level of above to indicate the level of health risk associated with air quality.
Based on PSI, air quality is classified into six major indices, which is marked by color codes and each color corresponds to a different level of health concerns.
Principally, green is defined as a color indicator for healthy air air quality research paper while yellow, orange, red, purple, and maroon colors indicate as moderate, unhealthy for sensitive groups, unhealthy, very unhealthy, and hazardous air quality, respectively. These ranges and codes may differ in the different methods of classifications in different countries.
Effects of air pollutants on living organism will not only be limited to the human and animal health but also include the whole environment, air quality research paper.
Different geographical conditions, global climate changes, and the environmental variations affect the human health and the environment including the animal life. Ecologically, air pollution can cause serious environmental damages to the groundwater, soil, and air. Studies on the relationship between air pollution and air quality research paper species diversity clearly show the detrimental effects of environmental contaminants on the extinction of animals and plants species.
Every material in the air which could affect human health or have a profound impact on the environment is defined as air pollutants.
According to the World Health Organization WHOparticle pollution, ground-level O 3CO, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead Pb are the six major air pollutants which harm human health and also the ecosystem. There are many pollutants of suspended materials such as dust, fumes, smokes, mists, gaseous pollutants, hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds VOCspolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHsand halogen derivatives in the air which at the high concentrations cause vulnerability to many diseases including different types of cancers.
Particle pollutants are major parts of air pollutants. In a simple definition, air quality research paper, they are a mixture of particles found in the air. Particle pollution which air quality research paper more known as PM is linked with most of pulmonary and cardiac-associated morbidity and mortality.
The size of particle pollutants is directly associated with the onset and progression of the lungs and heart diseases. Particles of smaller size reach the lower respiratory tract and thus have greater potential for causing the lungs and heart diseases. Depending on the level of exposure, particulate pollutants may cause mild to severe illnesses. Wheezing, cough, dry mouth, and limitation in activities due to breathing problems are the most prevalent clinical symptoms of respiratory disease resulted from air pollution.
Long-term exposure to current ambient PM concentrations may lead to a marked reduction in life expectancy. The increase of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality are the main reasons for the reduction in life expectancy.
Reduced lung functions in children and adults leading to asthmatic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD are also serious diseases which induce lower quality of life and reduced life expectancy. Strong evidence on the effect of long-term exposure to PM on cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary mortality come from cohort studies. O 3 with the chemical formula of O 3 is a colorless air quality research paper which is the major constituent of the atmosphere.
It is found both at the ground level and in the upper regions of the atmosphere which is called troposphere. GLO is believed to have a plausible association with increased risk of respiratory diseases, particularly asthma. As a powerful oxidant, O 3 accepts electrons from other molecules. There is a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the surface fluid lining of the respiratory tract and cell membranes that underlie the lining fluid.
The double bonds available in these fatty acids are unstable. O 3 attacks unpaired electron to form ozonides and progress through an unstable zwitterion or trioxolane depending on the presence of water. These ultimately recombine or decompose to lipohydroperoxides, aldehydes, and hydrogen peroxide. These pathways are thought to initiate propagation of lipid radicals and auto-oxidation of cell membranes and macromolecules, air quality research paper.
It also increases the risk of DNA damage in epidermal keratinocytes, which leads to impaired cellular function. O 3 induces a variety of toxic effects in humans and experimental animals at concentrations that occur in many urban areas. CO is a colorless and odorless gas, which is produced by fossil fuel, particularly when combustion is not appropriate, as in burning coal and wood.
The affinity of CO to hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier in the body is about times greater than that of oxygen. Depending on CO concentration and length of exposure, mild to severe poisoning may occur.
Symptoms of CO poisoning air quality research paper include headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and finally loss of consciousness. The symptoms are very similar to those of other illnesses, such as food poisoning or viral infections, air quality research paper.
Hypoxia, apoptosis, and ischemia are known mechanisms of underlying CO toxicity. Thus, the reduction in ambient CO can reduce the risk of myocardial infarction in predisposed persons. SO 2 is a colorless, highly reactive gas, which is considered as an important air pollutant.
It is mostly emitted from fossil fuel consumption, natural volcanic activities, and industrial processes, air quality research paper. SO 2 is very harmful for plant life, animal, and human health.
People with lung disease, children, older people, and those who are more exposed to SO 2 are at higher risk of the skin and lung diseases. The major health concerns associated with exposure to high concentrations of SO 2 include respiratory irritation and dysfunction, and also aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease.
SO 2 is predominantly absorbed in the upper airways. As a sensory irritant, it can cause bronchospasm and mucus secretion in humans. The penetration of SO 2 into the lungs is greater during mouth breathing compared to nose breathing. An increase in the airflow in deep, rapid breathing enhances penetration of the gas into the deeper lung.
Therefore, people who exercise in the polluted air would inhale more SO 2 and are likely to suffer from greater irritation. When SO 2 deposits along the airway, it dissolves into surface lining fluid as sulfite or bisulfite and is easily distributed throughout the body.
It seems that the sulfite interacts with sensory receptors in the airways to cause local and centrally mediated bronchoconstriction. According to the Environmental Protection Agency EPA of the USA, the level of annual standard for SO 2 is 0.
Due to its solubility in water, SO 2 is responsible for acid rain formation and acidification of soils. SO 2 reduces the amount of oxygen in the water causing the death of marine species including both animals and plants.
Exposure to SO 2 can cause damages to the eyes lacrimation and corneal opacitymucous membranes, air quality research paper, the skin redness, and blistersand respiratory tracts.
Bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, and acute airway obstruction are the most common clinical findings associated with exposure to SO 2. Nitrogen oxides are important ambient air pollutants which may increase the risk of respiratory infections.
They are deep lung irritants that can induce pulmonary edema if been inhaled at high levels. They are generally less toxic than O 3but NO 2 can pose clear toxicological problems. Exposures at 2, air quality research paper. Although these levels may be high, epidemiologic studies demonstrate effects of NO 2 on respiratory infection rates in children, air quality research paper.
Coughing and wheezing are the most common complication of nitrogen oxides toxicity, but the eyes, nose or throat irritations, headache, dyspnea, air quality research paper pain, diaphoresis, fever, bronchospasm, and pulmonary edema may also occur. In another report, it is suggested that the level of nitrogen oxide between 0.
Pb or plumb is a toxic heavy metal that is widely used in different industries. It is emitted from motor engines, particularly with those using petrol containing Pb tetraethyl. Smelters and battery plants, as well as irrigation water wells and wastewaters, are other emission sources of the Pb into the environment.
Because it is not readily excreted, Pb can also affect the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and the other organs. Pb absorption by the lungs depends on the particle size and concentration. Retained Pb absorption through alveoli is absorbed and induces toxicity.
Pb is a powerful neurotoxicant, especially for infants and children as the high-risk groups. Mental retardation, learning disabilities, impairment of memory, hyperactivity, and antisocial behaviors are of adverse effects of Pb in childhood.
Pb exposure is often chronic, without obvious symptoms. Pb may also replace calcium as a second messenger resulting in protein modification through various cellular processes including protein kinase activation or deactivation. Abdominal pain, anemia, aggression, constipation, headaches, irritability, loss of concentration and memory, reduced sensations, and sleep disorders are the most common symptoms of Pb poisoning.
Air Quality 101: The Basics
, time: 6:21Air Quality Modeling Research Papers - blogger.com
Six different methods of estimating Air quality Index (AQI) based on four pollutants synergistic effect viz., PM10, PM, SO2 and NO2 were used to compare the prevailing ambient air quality in Estimated Reading Time: 5 mins Air Quality, Brazil, Air pollution, Linear models Reduction in global warming due to fuel economy improvements and emissions control of criteria pollutants: New US light-duty vehicles () This paper explores the impact of US emission controls and fuel economy improvements on the global warming potential (GWP) of new light-duty vehicles The results show that to reduce O3 within theMCMA, policies must focus on reducing VOCs emissions from non-mobile sources, and air quality improved significantly during the lockdown driven by reduced NO2 and PM emissions despite increases in O3, resulting in health benefits for the MCMA population. Meteorology and long-term trends in air pollutant concentrations may obscure the results from
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